CHAPTER I
SCOPE OF APPLICATION
1. (1) These rules shall apply to all international carriage of persons, baggage or cargo performed by
aircraft for reward. They shall apply also to such carriage when performed gratuitously by an air transport
undertaking.
(2) In these rules, unless the context otherwise requires,—
(a) “baggage” means both checked baggage and unchecked baggage;
(b) “days” means calendar days and not working days;
(c) “depository” means the International Civil AviationOrganisation;
(d) “State Party” means a signatory or acceding State to the Montreal Convention whose
instrument of ratification or accession has been deposited with the depository.
(3) For the purposes of these rules, the expression “international carriage” means any carriage in
which, according to the agreement between the parties, the place of departure and the place of destination,
whether or not there be a break in the carriage or a transhipment, are situated either within the territories
of two State Parties, or within the territory of a single State Party if there is an agreed stopping place
within the territory of another State, even if that State is not a State Party. A carriage between two points
within the territory of a single State Party without an agreed stopping place within the territory of another
State shall not be deemed to be international carriage for the purposes of these rules.
(4) A carriage to be performed by several successive air carriers shall be deemed for the purposes of
these rules, to be one undivided carriage if it has been regarded by the parties as a single operation,
whether it has been agreed upon under the form of a single contract or of a series of contracts, and it shall
not lose its international character merely because one contract or a series of contracts is to be performed
entirely within the territory of the same State.
(5) These rules shall apply also to carriage as set out in Chapter V, subject to the terms contained
therein.
2. (1) These rules shall apply to carriage performed by the State or by legally constituted public
bodies provided it falls within the conditions laid down in rule 1.
(2) In the carriage of postal items, the carrier shall be liable only to the relevant postal administration
in accordance with the rules applicable to the relationship between the carriers and the postal
administration.
(3) Except as provided in sub-rule (2), these rules shall not apply to the carriage of postal items.
CHAPTER II
DOCUMENTATION AND DUTIES OF THE PARTIES RELATING TO THE CARRIAGE OF PASSENGERS, BAGGAGE
AND CARGO
3. (1) In respect of carriage of passengers, an individual or collective document of carriage shall be
delivered containing—
(a) an indication of the places of departure and destination;
(b) if the places of departure and destination are within the territory of a single State Party, one or
more agreed stopping places being within the territory of another State, an indication of at least one of
such stopping places.
1. Ins. by Act 28 of 2009, s. 10 (w.e.f. 1-7-2009).
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(2) Any other means which preserves the information indicated in sub-rule (1) may be substituted for
the delivery of the document referred to in that sub-rule. If any such other means is used, the carrier shall
offer to deliver to the passenger a written statement of the information so preserved.
(3) The carrier shall deliver to the passenger a baggage identification tag for each piece of checked
baggage.
(4) The passenger shall be given written notice to the effect that where these rules are applicable it
governs and may limit the liability of carriers in respect of death or injury and for destruction or loss of,
or damage to, baggage, and for delay.
(5) Non-compliance with the provisions of sub-rules (1), (2) and (3) shall not affect the existence or
the validity of the contract of carriage, which shall, nonetheless, be subject to these rules including those
relating to limitation of liability.
4. (1) In respect of the carriage of cargo, an air waybill shall be delivered.
(2) Any other means which preserves a record of the carriage to be performed may be substituted for
the delivery of an air waybill. If such other means are used, the carrier shall, if so requested by the
consignor, deliver to the consignor a cargo receipt permitting identification of the consignment and access
to the information contained in the record preserved by such other means.
5. The air waybill or the cargo receipt shall include—
(a) an indication of the places of departure and destination;
(b) if the places of departure and destination are within the territory of a single State Party, one or
more agreed stopping places being within the territory of another State, an indication of at least one of
such stopping places; and
(c) an indication of the weight of the consignment.
6. The consignor may be required, if necessary to meet the formalities of customs, police and similar
public authorities, to deliver a document indicating the nature of the cargo. This provision shall not create
for the carrier any duty, obligation or liability resulting therefrom.
7. (1) The air waybill shall be made out by the consignor in three original parts. The first part shall be
marked “for the carrier” and it shall be signed by the consignor. The second part shall be marked “for the
consignee” and it shall be signed by the consignor and by the carrier. The third part shall be signed by the
carrier who shall hand it to the consignor after the cargo has been accepted.
(2) The signature of the carrier and of the consignor may be printed or stamped.
(3) If, at the request of the consignor, the carrier makes out the air waybill, the carrier shall be
deemed, subject to proof to the contrary, to have done so on behalf of the consignor.
8. When there is more than one package—
(a) the carrier has the right to require the consignor to make out separate air waybills;
(b) the consignor has the right to require the carrier to deliver separate cargo receipts when the
other means referred to in sub-rule (2) of rule 4 are used.
9. Non-compliance with the provisions of rules 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 shall not affect the existence or the
validity of the contract of carriage, which shall, nonetheless, be subject to these rules including those
relating to limitation of liability.
10. (1) The consignor is responsible for the correctness of the particulars and statements relating to
the cargo inserted by it or on its behalf in the air waybill or furnished by it or on its behalf to the carrier
for insertion in the cargo receipt or for insertion in the record preserved by the other means referred to in
sub-rule (2) of rule 4. The foregoing shall also apply where the person acting on behalf of the consignor is
also the agent of the carrier.
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(2) The consignor shall indemnify the carrier against all damage suffered by it, or by any other person
to whom the carrier is liable, by reason of the irregularity, incorrectness or incompleteness of the
particulars and statements furnished by the consignor or on its behalf.
(3) Subject to the provisions of sub-rules (1) and (2), the carrier shall indemnify the consignor against
all damages suffered by it, or by any other person to whom the consignor is liable, by reason of the
irregularity, incorrectness or incompleteness of the particulars and statements inserted by the carrier or on
its behalf in the cargo receipt or in the record preserved by the other means referred to in sub-rule (2) of
rule 4.
11. (1) The air waybill or the cargo receipt shall be prima facie evidence of the conclusion of the
contract, of the acceptance of the cargo and of the conditions of carriage mentioned therein.
(2) Any statements in the air waybill or the cargo receipt relating to the weight, dimensions and
packing of the cargo, as well as those relating to the number of packages, are prima facie evidence of the
facts stated therein; those relating to the quantity, volume and condition of the cargo do not constitute
evidence against the carrier except so far as they both have been, and are stated in the air waybill or the
cargo receipt to have been, checked by it in the presence of the consignor, or relate to the apparent
condition of the cargo.
12. (1) Subject to its liability to carry out all its obligations under the contract of carriage, the
consignor has the right to dispose of the cargo by withdrawing it at the airport of departure or destination,
or by stopping it in the course of the journey on any landing, or by calling for it to be delivered at the
place of destination or in the course of the journey to a person other than the consignee originally
designated, or by requiring it to be returned to the airport of departure. The consignor shall not exercise
this right of disposition in such a way as to prejudice the carrier or other consignors and shall reimburse
any expenses occasioned by the exercise of this right.
(2) If it is impossible to carry out the instructions of the consignor, the carrier shall so inform the
consignor forthwith.
(3) If the carrier carries out the instructions of the consignor for the disposition of the cargo without
requiring the production of the part of the air waybill or the cargo receipt delivered to the latter, the carrier
shall be liable, without prejudice to its right of recovery from the consignor, for any damage which may
be caused thereby to any person who is lawfully in possession of that part of the air waybill or the cargo
receipt.
(4) The right conferred on the consignor ceases at the moment when that of the consignee begins in
accordance with rule 13. Nevertheless, if the consignee declines to accept the cargo, or cannot be
communicated with, the consignor shall resume its right of disposition.
13. (1) Except when the consignor has exercised its right under rule 12, the consignee shall be
entitled, on arrival of the cargo at the place of destination, to require the carrier to deliver the cargo to it,
on payment of the charges due and on complying with the conditions of carriage.
(2) Unless it is otherwise agreed, it shall be the duty of the carrier to give notice to the consignee as
soon as the cargo arrives.
(3) If the carrier admits the loss of the cargo, or if the cargo has not arrived at the expiration of seven
days after the date on which it ought to have arrived, the consignee shall be entitled to enforce against the
carrier the rights which flow from the contract of carriage.
14. The consignor and the consignee may respectively enforce all the rights given to them by rules 12
and 13, each in its own name, whether it is acting in its own interest or in the interest of another, provided
that it carries out the obligations imposed by the contract of carriage.
15. (1) The provisions of rules 12, 13 and 14 shall not affect either the relations of the consignor and
the consignee with each other or the mutual relations of third parties whose rights are derived either from
the consignor or from the consignee.
(2) The provisions of rules 12, 13 and 14 shall be varied only by express provision in the air waybill
or the cargo receipt.
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16. (1) The consignor shall furnish such information and such documents as are necessary to meet the
formalities of customs, police and any other public authorities before the cargo can be delivered to the
consignee. The consignor shall be liable to the carrier for any damage occasioned by the absence,
insufficiency or irregularity of any such information or documents, unless the damage is due to the fault
of the carrier, its servants or agents.
(2) The carrier shall be under no obligation to enquire into the correctness or sufficiency of such
information or documents.
CHAPTER III
LIABILITY OF THE CARRIER AND EXTENT OF COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGES
17. (1) The carrier shall be liable for damages sustained in case of death or bodily injury of a
passenger upon condition only that the accident which caused the death or injury took place on board the
aircraft or in the course of any of the operations of embarking or disembarking.
(2) The carrier shall be liable for damages sustained in case of destruction or loss of, or of damage to
checked baggage upon condition only that the event which caused the destruction, loss or damage took
place on board the aircraft or during any period within which the checked baggage was in the charge of
the carrier. However, the carrier shall not be liable if and to the extent that the damage resulted from the
inherent defect, quality or vice of the baggage. In the case of unchecked baggage, including personal
items, the carrier is liable if the damage has resulted from its fault or that of its servants or agents.
(3) If the carrier admits the loss of the checked baggage, or if the checked baggage has not arrived at
the expiration of twenty-one days after the date on which it ought to have arrived, the passenger shall be
entitled to enforce against the carrier the rights which flow from the contract of carriage.
18. (1) The carrier shall be liable for damages sustained in the event of the destruction or loss of, or
damage to, cargo upon condition only that the event which caused the damage so sustained took place
during the carriage by air.
(2) However, the carrier shall not be liable if and to the extent it proves that the destruction, or loss of,
or damage to, the cargo resulted from one or more of the following:—
(a) inherent defect, quality or vice of that cargo;
(b) defective packing of that cargo performed by a person other than the carrier or its servants or
agents;
(c) an act of war or an armed conflict; and
(d) an act of public authority carried out in connection with the entry, exit or transit of the cargo.
(3) The carriage by air within the meaning of sub-rule (1) comprises the period during which the
cargo is in charge of the carrier.
(4) The period of the carriage by air shall not extend to any carriage by land, by sea or by inland
waterway performed outside an airport. If, however, such carriage takes place in the performance of a
contract for carriage by air, for the purpose of loading, delivery or transhipment, any damage is presumed,
subject to proof to the contrary, to have been the result of an event which took place during the carriage
by air. If a carrier, without the consent of the consignor, substitutes carriage by another mode of transport
for the whole or part of a carriage intended by the agreement between the parties to be carriage by air,
such carriage by another mode of transport is deemed to be within the period of carriage by air.
19. The carrier shall be liable for damage occasioned by delay in the carriage by air of passengers,
baggage or cargo. Nevertheless, the carrier shall not be liable for damage occasioned by delay if it proves
that it and its servants and agents took all measures that could reasonably be required to avoid the damage
or that it was impossible for it or them to take such measures.
20. If the carrier proves that the damages was caused or contributed to by the negligence or other
wrongful act or omission of the person claiming compensation, or the person from whom he or she
derives his or her rights, the carrier shall be wholly or partly exonerated from its liability to the claimant
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to the extent that such negligence or wrongful act or omission caused or contributed to the damage. When
by reason of death or injury of a passenger compensation is claimed by a person other than the passenger,
the carrier shall likewise be wholly or partly exonerated from its liability to the extent that it proves that
the damage was caused or contributed to by the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of that
passenger. This rule applies to all the liability provisions of these rules, including sub-rule (1) of rule 21.
21. (1) For damages arising under sub-rule (1) of rule 17 not exceeding one lakh Special Drawing
Rights for each passenger, the carrier shall not be able to exclude or limit its liability.
(2) The carrier shall not be liable for damages arising under sub-rule (1) of rule 17 to the extent that
they exceed for each passenger one lakh Special Drawing Rights if the carrier proves that—
(a) such damage was not due to the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of the carrier or
its servants or agents; or
(b) such damage was solely due to the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of a third
party.
22. (1) In the case of damage caused by delay as specified in rule 19 in the carriage of persons, the
liability of the carrier for each passenger is limited to four thousand one hundred and fifty Special
Drawing Rights.
(2) In the carriage of baggage, the liability of the carrier in the case of destruction, loss, damage or
delay shall be limited to one thousand Special Drawing Rights for each passenger unless the passenger
has made, at the time when the checked baggage was handed over to the carrier, a special declaration of
interest in delivery at destination and has paid a supplementary sum, if so required. In that case, the
carrier shall be liable to pay a sum not exceeding the declared sum, unless it proves that the sum is greater
than the passenger's actual interest in delivery at destination.
(3) In the carriage of cargo, the liability of the carrier in the case of destruction, loss, damage or delay
is limited to a sum of seventeen Special Drawing Rights per kilogramme, unless the consignor has made,
at the time when the package was handed over to the carrier, a special declaration of interest in delivery at
destination and has paid a supplementary sum, if so required. In that case, the carrier shall be liable to pay
a sum not exceeding the declared sum, unless it proves that the sum is greater than the consignor's actual
interest in delivery at destination.
(4) In the case of delay, destruction, loss or damage of part of the cargo, or of any object contained
therein, the weight to be taken into consideration in determining the amount to which the carrier's liability
is limited shall be only the total weight of the package or packages concerned. Nevertheless, when the
delay, destruction, loss or damage of a part of the cargo, or of an object contained therein, affects the
value of other packages covered by the same air waybill, or the same receipt or, if they were not issued,
by the same record preserved by other means referred to in sub-rule (2) of rule 4, the total weight of such
package or packages shall also be taken into consideration in determining the limit of liability.
(5) The provisions of sub-rules (1) and (2) shall not apply if it is proved that the damage resulted from
an act or omission of the carrier, its servants or agents, done with intent to cause damage or recklessly and
with knowledge that damage would probably result:
Provided that, in the case of such act or omission of a servant or agent, it is also proved that such
servant or agent was acting within the scope of its employment.
(6) The limits prescribed in rule 21 and in this rule shall not prevent the court from awarding, in
accordance with its own law, in addition, the whole or part of the court costs and of the other expenses of
the litigation incurred by the plaintiff, including interest. The foregoing provision shall not apply if the
amount of the damages awarded, excluding court costs and other expenses of the litigation, does not
exceed the sum which the carrier has offered in writing to the plaintiff within a period of six months from
the date of the occurrence causing the damage, or before the commencement of the action, if that is later.
23. The sums mentioned in terms of Special Drawing Right in these rules shall be deemed to refer to
the Special Drawing Right as defined by the International Monetary Fund and its conversion into national
currencies shall, in case of judicial proceedings, be made in accordance with the method of valuation
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applied by the International Monetary Fund, in effect at the date of the judgment, for its operations and
transactions.
24. (1) Without prejudice to the provisions of rule 25 and subject to sub-rule (2), the limits of liability
prescribed in rules 21, 22 and 23 shall be reviewed by the depository at five-year intervals, the first such
review to take place at the end of the fifth year following the date of coming into force of these rules. The
measure of the rate of inflation to be used in determining the inflation factor shall be the weighted average
of the annual rates of increase or decrease in the Consumer Price Indices of the States whose currencies
comprise the Special Drawing Right mentioned in rule 23.
(2) If the review referred to in sub-rule (1) concludes that the inflation factor has exceeded ten per
cent., the depositary shall notify State Parties of a revision of the limits of liability. Any such revision
shall become effective six months after its notification to the State Parties. If within three months after its
notification to the State Parties, a majority of the State Parties register their disapproval, the revision shall
not become effective and the depositary shall refer the matter to a meeting of the State Parties. The
depositary shall immediately notify all States Parties about the coming into force of any revision.
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-rule (1), the procedure referred to in sub-rule (2) shall
be applied at any time provided that one-third of the State Parties express a desire to that effect and upon
condition that the inflation factor referred to in sub-rule (1) has exceeded thirty per cent.since the previous
revision or since the date of entry into force of the Montreal Convention if there has been no previous
revision. Subsequent reviews using the procedure specified in sub-rule (1) shall take place at five-year
intervals starting at the end of the fifth year following the date of the reviews under the provisions of this
sub-rule.
25. A carrier may stipulate that the contract of carriage shall be subject to higher limits of liability
than those provided for in these rules or to no limits of liability whatsover.
26. Any provision tending to relieve the carrier of liability or to fix a lower limit than that which is
laid down in these rules shall be null and void, but the nullity of any such provision does not involve the
nullity of the whole contract, which shall remain subject to the provisions of these rules.
27. Nothing contained in these rules shall prevent the carrier from refusing to enter into any contract
of carriage, from waiving any defence available in these rules, or from laying down conditions, which are
not contrary to the provisions of these rules.
28. Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, where the
aircraft accident results in death or injury of passengers, the carrier shall make advance payments without
delay to a natural person or persons who are entitled to claim compensation in order to meet the
immediate economic needs of such persons. Such advance payments shall not constitute a recognition of
liability and may be offset against any amounts subsequently paid as damages by the carrier.
29. In the carriage of passengers, baggage and cargo, any action for damages, however founded,
whether under these rules or in contract or in tort or otherwise, can only be brought subject to the
conditions and such limits of liability as are set out in these rules without prejudice to the question as to
who are the persons who have the right to bring suit and what are their respective rights. In any such
action, punitive, exemplary or any other non-compensatory damages shall not be recoverable.
30. (1) If an action is brought against a servant or agent of the carrier arising out of damage to which
these rules relate, such servant or agent, if they prove that they acted within the scope of their
employment, shall be entitled to avail themselves of the conditions and limits of liability which the carrier
itself is entitled to invoke under these rules.
(2) The aggregate of the amounts recoverable from the carrier, its servants and agents, in that case,
shall not exceed the said limits.
(3) Except in respect of the carriage of cargo, the provisions of sub-rules (1) and (2) shall not apply if
it is proved that the damage resulted from an act or omission of the servant or agent done with intent to
cause damage or recklessly and with the knowledge that damage would probably result.
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31. (1) Receipt by the person entitled to delivery of checked baggage or cargo without complaint is
prima facie evidence that the same has been delivered in good condition and in accordance with the
document of carriage or with the record preserved by the other means referred to in sub-rule (2) of rule 3
and sub-rule (2) of rule 4.
(2) In the case of damage, the person entitled to delivery shall make a complaint to the carrier
forthwith after the discovery of the damage, and, at the latest, within seven days from the date of receipt
in the case of checked baggage and fourteen days from the date of receipt in the case of cargo. In the case
of delay, the complaint shall be made at the latest within twenty-one days from the date on which the
baggage or cargo have been placed at his disposal.
(3) Every complaint shall be made in writing and given or dispatched within the period specified in
sub-rule (2).
(4) If no complaint is made within the period specified in sub-rule (2), no action shall lie against the
carrier, except in the case of fraud committed by the carrier.
32. In the case of the death of the person liable, an action for damages lies in accordance with these
rules against those legally representing his or her estate.
33. (1) An action for damages shall be brought, at the option of the claimant of damages, in the
territory of one of the State Parties, either before the court of the domicile of the carrier or of its principal
place of business, or where it has a place of business through which the contract has been made or before
the court at the place of destination.
(2) In respect of damage resulting from the death or injury of a passenger, an action may be brought
before one of the courts mentioned in sub-rule (1), or in the territory of a State Party in which at the time
of the accident the passenger has his or her principal and permanent residence and to or from which the
carrier operates services for the carriage of passengers by air, either on its own aircraft, or on another
carrier's aircraft pursuant to a commercial agreement, and in which that carrier conducts its business of
carriage of passengers by air from premises leased or owned by the carrier itself or by another carrier with
which it has a commercial agreement.
(3) For the purposes of sub-rule (2)—
(a) “commercial agreement” means an agreement, other than an agency agreement, made
between carriers and relating to the provision of their joint services for carriage of passengers by air;
(b) “principal and permanent residence” means the one fixed and permanent abode of the
passenger at the time of the accident. The nationality of the passenger shall not be the determining
factor in this regard.
(4) Questions of procedure shall be governed by the law of the court seized of the case.
34.(1) Subject to the provisions of this rule, the parties to the contract of carriage for cargo may
stipulate that any dispute relating to the liability of the carrier under these rules shall be settled by
arbitration. Such agreement shall be in writing.
(2) The arbitration proceedings shall, at the option of the claimant, take place within one of the
jurisdictions referred to in rule 33.
(3) The arbitrator or arbitration tribunal shall apply the provisions of these rules.
(4) The provisions of sub-rules (2) and (3) shall be deemed to be part of every arbitration clause or
agreement, and any term of such clause or agreement which is inconsistent therewith shall be null and
void.
35. (1) The right to damages shall be extinguished if an action is not brought within a period of two
years, reckoned from the date of arrival at the destination, or from the date on which the aircraft ought to
have arrived, or from the date on which the carriage stopped.
(2) The method of calculating the period shall be determined by the law of the court seized of the
case.
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36. (1) In the case of carriage to be performed by various successive carriers and falling within the
definition set out in sub-rule (4) of rule 1, each carrier which accepts passengers, baggage or cargo shall
be subject to the provisions of these rules and shall be deemed to be one of the parties to the contract of
carriage in so far as the contract deals with that part of the carriage which is performed under its
supervision.
(2) In the case of carriage of this nature, the passenger or any person entitled to compensation shall be
entitled to take action only against the carrier which performed the carriage during which the accident or
the delay occurred, except where, by express agreement, the first carrier has assumed liability for the
whole journey.
(3) In respect of baggage or cargo, the passenger or consignor shall have a right of action against the
first carrier, and the passenger or consignee who is entitled to delivery shall have a right of action against
the last carrier, and further, each may take action against the carrier which performed the carriage during
which the delay, destruction, loss or damage took place. These carriers shall be jointly and severally liable
to the passenger or to the consignor or consignee.
37. Nothing in these rules shall prejudicially affect the right of a person liable for damages to take
recourse against any other person.
CHAPTER IV
COMBINED CARRIAGE
38. (1) In the case of combined carriage performed partly by air and partly by any other mode of
carriage, the provisions of these rules shall, subject to the provisions of sub-rule (4) of rule 18, apply only
to the carriage by air, provided that the carriage by air falls within the meaning of rule 1.
(2) Nothing in these rules shall prevent the parties in the case of combined carriage from inserting in
the document of air carriage conditions relating to other modes of carriage, provided that the provisions of
these rules are observed with regard to carriage by air.
CHAPTER V
CARRIAGE BY AIR PERORMED BY A PERSON OTHER THAN THE CONTRACTING CARRIER
39. The provisions of this Chapter shall apply when a person (hereinafter referred to as the
contracting carrier) as a principal makes a contract of carriage under these rules with a passenger or
consignor or with a person acting on behalf of the passenger or consignor, and another person (hereinafter
referred to as the actual carrier) performs, by virtue of authority from the contracting carrier, the whole or
part of the carriage, but is not with respect to such part, a successive carrier within the meaning of these
rules. Such authority shall be presumed in the absence of proof to the contrary.
40. If an actual carrier performs the whole or part of carriage which, according to the contract referred
to in rule 39, is governed by these rules, both the contracting carrier and the actual carrier shall, except as
otherwise provided in this Chapter, be subject to the provisions of these rules, the former for the whole of
the carriage contemplated in the contract, the latter solely for the carriage which it performs.
41.(1) The acts and omissions of the actual carrier and of its servants and agents acting within the
scope of their employment shall, in relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, be deemed to
be also those of the contracting carrier.
(2) The acts and omissions of the contracting carrier and of its servants and agents acting within the
scope of their employment shall, in relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, be deemed to
be also those of the actual carrier. Nevertheless, no such act or omission shall subject the actual carrier to
liability exceeding the amounts referred to in rules 21, 22, 23 and 24. Any special agreement under which
the contracting carrier assumes obligations not imposed by the provisions of these rules or any waiver of
rights or defences conferred by the provisions of these rules or any special declaration of interest in
delivery at destination contemplated in rule 22 shall not affect the actual carrier unless agreed to by it.
42. Any complaint to be made or instruction to be given under the provisions of these rules to the
carrier shall have the same effect whether addressed to the contracting carrier or to the actual carrier.
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Nevertheless, instructions referred to in rule 12 shall only be effective if addressed to the contracting
carrier.
43. In relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, any servant or agent of that carrier or of
the contracting carrier shall, if they prove that they acted within the scope of their employment, be
entitled to avail themselves of the conditions and limits of liability which are applicable under the
provisions of these rules to the carrier whose servant or agent they are, unless it is proved that they acted
in a manner that prevents the limits of liability from being invoked in accordance with the provisions of
these rules.
44. In relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, the aggregate of the amounts
recoverable from that carrier and the contracting carrier, and from their servants and agents acting within
the scope of their employment, shall not exceed the highest amount which shall be awarded against either
the contracting carrier or the actual carrier under the provisions of these rules, but none of the persons
mentioned shall be liable for a sum in excess of the limit applicable to that person.
45. In relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, an action for damages may be brought,
at the option of the complainant, against that carrier or the contracting carrier, or against both together or
separately. If the action is brought against only one of these carriers, that carrier shall have the right to
require the other carrier to be joined in the proceedings, the procedure and effects being governed by the
law of the court seized of the case.
46. Any action for damages contemplated in rule 45 must be brought, at the option of the
complainant, in the territory of one of the State Parties, either before a court in which an action may be
brought against the contracting carrier, as provided under rule 33, or before the court having jurisdiction
at the place where the actual carrier has its domicile or its principal place of business.
47. Any contractual provision tending to relieve the contracting carrier or the actual carrier of liability
under this Chapter or to fix a lower limit than that which is applicable according to this Chapter shall be
null and void, but the nullity of any such provision does not involve the nullity of the whole contract,
which shall remain subject to the provisions of this Chapter.
48. Except as provided in rule 45, nothing in this Chapter shall affect the rights and obligations of the
carriers between themselves, including any right of recourse or indemnification.
CHAPTER VI
GENERAL AND FINAL PROVISIONS
49. Any clause contained in the contract of carriage and all special agreements entered into before the
damage occurred by which the parties purport to infringe the rules laid down by these rules, whether by
deciding the law to be applied, or by altering the rules as to jurisdiction, shall be null and void.
50. State Parties shall require their carriers to maintain adequate insurance covering their liability
under the provisions of these rules. A carrier may be required to furnish evidence that it maintains
adequate insurance covering its liability under the provisions of these rules.
51. The provisions of rules 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8 relating to the documentation of carriage shall not apply in
the case of carriage performed in extraordinary circumstances outside the normal scope of a carrier’s
business.
52. The expression “days” when used in this Schedule means calendar days and not working days.