Civil Law and UAE: Product Recall Liability and Manufacturer Duties

1. Introduction

Product recall liability concerns the legal responsibility arising when a product already placed in the market is discovered to be defective, unsafe, hazardous, non-compliant, or capable of causing harm.

In the UAE, product recall is not merely a commercial decision. It is connected with:

consumer protection;

product safety;

manufacturer and supplier duties;

warranties;

defective-goods liability;

compensation for injury and property damage;

regulatory reporting;

corrective action;

withdrawal from the market; and

public-health and safety obligations.

The principal legislation is Federal Law No. 15 of 2020 on Consumer Protection, as amended, together with its implementing regulations, particularly Cabinet Resolution No. 66 of 2023. The Ministry confirms that the law applies to goods and services throughout the UAE, including free zones, and regulates obligations of suppliers, advertisers and commercial agents. (Ministry of Education)

The current UAE civil-law background must also be considered in light of the Federal Decree by Law No. 25 of 2025 promulgating the new Civil Transactions Law, effective 1 June 2026, which substantially updates the law of sales and latent defects. (UAE Legislation)

2. Meaning of Product Recall

A recall is the withdrawal of a defective or hazardous product from the market.

Under the UAE Consumer Protection Law, recall includes withdrawal of a defective or hazardous good through:

the supplier;

competent authority;

relevant authority in the UAE;

authority in the country of origin; or

authority in another country.

The Ministry describes recalls as a mechanism intended to protect consumer health and safety while also protecting legitimate interests of manufacturers, suppliers and retailers. (Ministry of Education)

Simple formula

Defect/Risk Discovered → Notification → Risk Assessment → Recall/Withdrawal → Consumer Notice → Repair/Replacement/Refund → Regulatory Closure

3. What is a Product Defect?

The Consumer Protection Law defines a defect broadly as a lack of quality, quantity or efficiency, or a difference in the product's appearance, size or components resulting from an error in:

design;

manufacturing;

production; or

supply,

where it may cause harm or prevent the consumer from benefiting fully or partly from the product.

The definition excludes a defect resulting from the consumer's own conduct. (Ministry of Education)

This means that product liability can arise from several different stages of the product lifecycle.

4. Types of Product Defects

A. Design Defect

The product is dangerous because the underlying design is unsafe.

Example:
A household appliance is designed without adequate protection against foreseeable overheating.

B. Manufacturing Defect

The design is safe, but a particular batch is manufactured incorrectly.

Example:
A vehicle component is incorrectly assembled at the factory.

C. Warning or Information Defect

The product may be reasonably safe if used correctly, but consumers are not adequately warned about a foreseeable danger.

Examples:

inadequate safety instructions;

missing warnings;

incorrect instructions;

incomplete storage information.

D. Non-Conformity Defect

The product does not conform to:

contractual specifications;

mandatory standards;

approved technical requirements; or

advertised characteristics.

E. Post-Sale Safety Defect

A product may initially appear safe, but information obtained after distribution reveals a previously unknown risk.

This is especially important for recalls.

5. Manufacturer vs Supplier

A crucial point in UAE law is that manufacturer and supplier are not necessarily the same legal person.

The Consumer Protection Law defines the supplier broadly to include a legal person that:

manufactures;

distributes;

trades;

sells;

supplies;

exports;

imports; or

otherwise participates in production, trading or storage

for the purpose of supplying goods to consumers. (Ministry of Education)

Therefore, liability can potentially involve several participants in the supply chain.

Supply chain

Manufacturer → Importer → Commercial Agent/Distributor → Retailer → Consumer

A recall can require cooperation across the entire chain.

6. Core Manufacturer Duties

A manufacturer should maintain systems capable of identifying:

product defects;

safety risks;

affected batches;

distribution locations;

consumers affected;

appropriate corrective action;

regulatory reporting requirements.

Product safety therefore creates a continuing responsibility extending beyond the moment of sale.

7. Duty to Notify Authorities

One of the most important provisions is Article 11 of Federal Law No. 15 of 2020.

When a supplier discovers a defect or danger in a product that could harm consumers, the supplier must:

immediately inform the Ministry or competent authority;

communicate potential damages;

explain how the danger can be prevented;

immediately recall the product; and

announce that the product is hazardous in accordance with the implementing regulations. (Ministry of Education)

This creates a significant distinction:

Recall is not merely optional commercial goodwill where the statutory safety conditions are triggered.

8. Immediate Recall Duty

The statutory approach is preventive.

The supplier should not wait until:

numerous consumers are injured;

every affected product is identified;

litigation begins; or

a court orders compensation.

Where a qualifying danger is discovered, the legal obligation is triggered by the discovery of the defect or danger.

This reflects the precautionary nature of modern consumer-protection law.

9. Product Safety Regulations

The UAE product-safety framework also provides for withdrawal or recall where products are found to be unsafe.

Examples include products:

confirmed hazardous because of design defects;

confirmed hazardous because of manufacturing defects;

failing applicable safety standards;

not complying with legislation;

lacking required conformity or labelling requirements.

The competent authority can require the supplier to withdraw or recall an unsafe product. (LittleDB)

10. Corrective Measures After Recall

Recall does not necessarily mean destruction of every product.

Depending on the circumstances, corrective action may include:

repair;

replacement of defective components;

software update;

modification;

replacement with a safe product;

refund;

withdrawal from sale.

Where a recalled product is subsequently reintroduced, the regulatory framework requires information concerning corrective measures and appropriate safety/conformity documentation. (LittleDB)

11. Manufacturer's Duty of Traceability

A manufacturer or supplier should be capable of identifying:

product model;

batch;

serial number;

manufacturing date;

distribution channels;

affected dealers;

affected consumers where appropriate.

This is particularly important for:

vehicles;

medicines and medical products;

electrical appliances;

children's products;

machinery;

food-related products;

industrial equipment.

The Ministry's recall procedure itself requires identifying information such as vehicle identification numbers or barcode numbers, depending on the product. (Ministry of Education)

12. Consumer Notification

A recall is ineffective if consumers do not know about it.

The UAE recall system therefore contemplates public announcements.

The Ministry's current recall service requires, among other things, a proposed recall advertisement and publication through specified channels, with the implementing framework requiring prompt notification following discovery of the defect. (Ministry of Education)

The communication should generally explain:

product identity;

nature of the defect;

safety risk;

affected consumers;

what consumers should stop doing;

how to return the product;

repair/replacement/refund procedure;

contact information.

13. Warranty Duties

Article 10 of the Consumer Protection Law requires suppliers to honour warranties and, where applicable:

provide spare parts;

provide maintenance;

replace the product;

refund its monetary value; and

provide after-sales service.

The supplier must also guarantee the service it provides against defects and malfunctions for a period appropriate to the nature of the service. (Ministry of Education)

Thus:

Recall liability and warranty liability can operate simultaneously.

A recall does not necessarily eliminate the consumer's individual contractual or compensation claims.

14. Repeated Malfunction

Article 13 provides a particularly important consumer remedy.

Where the same malfunction occurs three times during the first year and substantially affects the product's functional performance, the supplier must, according to the statutory framework:

replace the product with a new product of the same type/specifications; or

recover the product and refund its value.

(Ministry of Education)

This provision is distinct from a mass product recall but can become relevant where repeated individual defects reveal a systemic problem.

15. Commercial Agents and Distributors

Article 16 requires commercial agents/distributors to implement warranties provided by the producer or principal.

Where warranty implementation exceeds seven days, the commercial agent must provide a similar product for the consumer's use without charge, subject to the statutory requirements.

The agent is also subject to the supplier obligations where the good or service is provided through it. (Ministry of Education)

Therefore, the manufacturer cannot necessarily treat the UAE distributor as legally irrelevant.

16. Manufacturer's Liability for Defective Goods

Product recall and civil liability should be distinguished.

Regulatory responsibility

Concerned with:

“Is the dangerous product still in the market?”

Civil liability

Concerned with:

“Who must compensate the person who suffered legally recoverable damage?”

A recall can prevent future injuries, but it does not automatically eliminate liability for injuries already caused.

17. Current Civil Transactions Law and Latent Defects

The new Civil Transactions Law, effective 1 June 2026, updates the UAE rules concerning defective goods.

Article 495 provides that where a latent defect appears, the purchaser may:

return the goods; or

retain them and seek a proportionate reduction in price,

subject to the statutory framework. (UAE Legislation)

Article 496 provides that the seller is liable where, at delivery:

the goods lack guaranteed qualities; or

a defect reduces their value or utility for the intended purpose.

Importantly, liability can arise even if the seller did not know of the defect. (UAE Legislation)

18. Effect of Manufacturer Knowledge

The distinction between knowledge of defect and existence of defect is important.

A manufacturer may argue:

“We did not know the product was defective.”

That may be relevant to certain forms of liability or damages, but it does not necessarily eliminate statutory warranty or conformity obligations.

The new Civil Transactions Law expressly recognises seller liability for specified defects even where the seller was unaware of the defect. (UAE Legislation)

Consumer-protection legislation separately creates an affirmative safety/recall obligation once the relevant danger is discovered.

19. Contractual Exclusion of Liability

Article 497 of the new Civil Transactions Law identifies circumstances in which the seller may avoid defect liability, including where:

the defect was disclosed;

the defect is customarily tolerated;

the purchaser accepted it after examination or knowledge;

the purchaser knowingly purchased the defective item; or

liability was validly excluded,

subject to important exceptions, including fraudulent concealment and circumstances preventing proper inspection. (UAE Legislation)

For consumer products, however, contractual provisions must also be examined against mandatory consumer-protection legislation.

A manufacturer cannot safely assume that a broad disclaimer overrides mandatory statutory safety obligations.

20. Six+ Case Laws

A significant legal-research limitation should be recognised: reported UAE case law directly interpreting the product-recall provisions of Federal Law No. 15 of 2020 is still relatively limited. Therefore, the cases below include UAE Court of Cassation authorities concerning defective goods, contractual obligations, causation, evidence and compensation that are relevant by analogy.

They should not be represented as six decisions specifically deciding Article 11 recall liability.

Case 1 — Dubai Court of Cassation, Appeal No. 239/2009

Issue

The Dubai Court of Cassation considered the statutory concept of a consumer under the earlier UAE consumer-protection framework.

Principle

The legal status of the purchaser depends upon the nature and purpose of the transaction. A commercial purchaser acquiring goods for resale is distinguishable from a person acquiring goods for personal or family consumption.

Product-recall relevance

Before invoking consumer-protection remedies, it is necessary to establish:

who purchased the product;

why it was purchased;

whether the transaction falls within consumer-protection legislation.

Limitation

This decision concerns the earlier consumer-protection legislation, not a direct interpretation of the 2020 Law.

21. Case 2 — Dubai Court of Cassation, Appeal No. 452/2017

Issue

The case concerned conformity of a purchased property with contractual specifications.

The purchaser alleged a material difference between what was contracted for and what was actually delivered.

Principle

The Dubai Court of Cassation recognised that a material failure to conform to contractual specifications can produce compensatory consequences.

Product-liability relevance

Although the subject matter was real estate rather than a mass-produced consumer product, the principle is useful:

The supplier's actual delivery must conform to the characteristics and specifications that formed part of the contractual bargain.

This is relevant to product recalls where the product:

fails mandatory specifications;

differs materially from its description;

does not conform to the promised model; or

has materially reduced utility.

The decision is reported as Dubai Cassation Appeal No. 452/2017, decided 14 March 2018. (Mondaq)

22. Case 3 — UAE Court of Cassation, Civil Cassation No. 880/2021

Principle

The Court addressed principles concerning compensation for legally recognised damage, including present/future damage and loss of opportunity.

Product-recall relevance

Suppose a defective product causes:

physical injury;

property damage;

medical expenses;

business interruption;

future financial consequences.

A recall does not automatically resolve these losses.

The claimant must establish the legally recoverable damage and its connection with the responsible conduct.

Importance

The case supports the broader principle that civil compensation is concerned with proved legally compensable harm, rather than simply punishing the defendant.

23. Case 4 — UAE Court of Cassation, Civil Cassation No. 99, Judicial Year 16

Principle

This historical authority concerns causation and legally attributable damage.

Product-liability application

A claimant must distinguish:

Defect → harmful event → damage

from merely showing:

Defect → existence of loss at some later point.

For example:

A defective electrical appliance may exist, but if the consumer cannot establish that the appliance caused the fire, the causal element remains disputed.

Importance

This is especially relevant to recall-related claims involving consequential damage.

Current-law caution

The case predates the new Civil Transactions Law and should therefore be used as historical/analogical authority rather than as a direct interpretation of the 2026 legislation.

24. Case 5 — UAE Court of Cassation, Civil Cassation No. 79/2020

Principle

The Court considered the evidentiary significance of an admission.

Product-recall application

Manufacturer or supplier communications can become important evidence.

For example:

“Our technical investigation confirms a manufacturing defect.”

or:

“The affected batch will be recalled.”

Such communications may become relevant evidence concerning:

existence of defect;

knowledge;

corrective action;

warranty;

causation.

Therefore manufacturers should maintain careful records of technical and consumer communications.

25. Case 6 — UAE Court of Cassation, Civil Cassation No. 941/2019

Principle

The Court considered the distinction between contractual and non-contractual responsibility and the need to identify the legal basis of the claim.

Product-liability relevance

A consumer may potentially have several legal routes:

Contractual

Defective product / breach of warranty.

Statutory

Consumer Protection Law violation.

Civil liability

Damage caused by defective or wrongful conduct.

Correct legal characterisation can affect:

elements of liability;

evidence;

limitation;

remedies;

causation.

This is particularly important where the consumer seeks compensation beyond the purchase price.

26. Case 7 — Dubai Court of Cassation, Commercial Appeal No. 11/2021

Principle

The court's analysis of commercial contractual obligations emphasises the need to establish:

the contractual obligation;

the alleged breach;

the relevant evidence; and

resulting consequences.

Product-recall relevance

A supplier cannot ordinarily defend every product complaint simply by saying:

“The manufacturer is responsible.”

The contractual relationship and statutory obligations must be analysed to determine the responsibilities of:

manufacturer;

importer;

distributor;

retailer;

commercial agent.

27. Case 8 — UAE Court of Cassation, Commercial Cassation No. 215/2020

Principle

Expert evidence is important where the dispute involves technical questions that ordinary judicial knowledge cannot resolve.

Product-recall relevance

Product-defect disputes often require expert evidence concerning:

manufacturing process;

engineering;

chemical composition;

electrical safety;

mechanical failure;

software;

product testing;

causation.

The expert may need to determine whether the defect existed:

at production;

at delivery;

after delivery;

because of consumer misuse; or

because of another external cause.

28. Case-Law Table

29. Recall Procedure in Practice

The UAE Ministry's current recall service provides a useful practical model.

Stage 1 — Identification

The supplier/manufacturer identifies:

defective product;

affected batch;

VIN/barcode;

nature of defect.

Stage 2 — Notification

The manufacturer/supplier prepares the required notification and supporting documentation.

Stage 3 — Public Announcement

The recall announcement is published through the required channels.

Stage 4 — Withdrawal

Affected goods are removed from the UAE market.

Stage 5 — Consumer Remedy

Depending on the circumstances:

repair;

replacement;

refund;

corrective modification.

Stage 6 — Reporting

The supplier provides the authority with information concerning the number of products affected and recalled.

Stage 7 — Closure

The authority verifies completion of the recall process.

The Ministry's current service expressly requires recall documentation, publication and a final report showing the recalled goods and consumer-recall process. (Ministry of Education)

30. Manufacturer's Internal Duties

A responsible manufacturer should maintain a product-safety compliance system.

It should include:

A. Product testing

Test products before market release.

B. Quality control

Monitor production batches.

C. Complaint monitoring

Identify patterns in customer complaints.

D. Incident monitoring

Investigate:

injuries;

fires;

breakage;

malfunction;

overheating;

contamination.

E. Traceability

Maintain batch and distribution records.

F. Regulatory reporting

Report qualifying safety risks promptly.

G. Corrective action

Develop repair/replacement/refund mechanisms.

H. Documentation

Preserve:

technical reports;

laboratory results;

customer complaints;

recall notices;

communications with regulators;

corrective-action reports.

31. Failure to Recall

Failure to recall a dangerous product can create several layers of exposure.

1. Administrative consequences

The supplier may face regulatory action and penalties.

2. Consumer remedies

Consumers may claim:

repair;

replacement;

refund;

warranty enforcement.

3. Civil compensation

Where injury or property damage is established, additional compensation may arise under applicable civil-liability principles.

4. Commercial consequences

Failure to respond properly can result in:

reputational damage;

distributor disputes;

insurance claims;

contractual claims;

loss of market access.

32. Recall Does Not Automatically Establish Civil Liability

This is an important legal distinction.

A recall establishes that a product was considered sufficiently defective or hazardous to require corrective action.

It does not necessarily establish every element of a private damages claim.

A claimant may still need to establish:

Defect + Damage + Causation + Applicable legal responsibility

For example:

Product recalled → consumer suffered loss

does not automatically prove:

Product defect → caused this particular loss.

Expert evidence may be necessary.

33. Manufacturer vs Retailer Liability

Consider:

Manufacturer A → Distributor B → Retailer C → Consumer D

If D discovers a defective product, D may have rights against C under consumer law and contractual principles.

B may have independent statutory and contractual obligations.

A may have manufacturer-related responsibility.

The parties' respective responsibilities must therefore be analysed rather than assuming that only the manufacturer can be liable.

The Consumer Protection Law deliberately defines “supplier” broadly, covering multiple participants in the supply chain. (Ministry of Education)

34. Imported Products

Imported products present additional issues.

A foreign manufacturer may be outside the UAE, but the UAE importer/distributor may still have substantial responsibilities under UAE consumer-protection law.

The UAE Consumer Protection framework applies to goods and related operations in the UAE, including relevant activities involving suppliers and commercial agents. (Ministry of Education)

Therefore:

“The foreign manufacturer caused the defect” is not necessarily a complete answer for the UAE distributor.

35. Product Recall and E-Commerce

The UAE Consumer Protection Law expressly covers relevant e-commerce operations where the supplier is registered in the UAE.

This is increasingly important because products can be distributed through:

websites;

marketplaces;

social media;

mobile applications.

A recall system must therefore be capable of reaching online consumers, not only traditional retail customers. (Ministry of Education)

36. Misleading Product Information

Product liability may also arise from incorrect product descriptions.

Article 17 prohibits the advertiser, supplier and commercial agent from describing goods in a manner containing incorrect information or engaging in misleading advertising. (Ministry of Education)

Therefore, manufacturer duties include ensuring that:

specifications are accurate;

safety claims are supported;

instructions are correct;

advertising does not conceal material safety information.

37. Warning Labels

A manufacturer should clearly communicate foreseeable risks.

Examples include:

maximum temperature;

electrical voltage;

age restrictions;

contraindications;

storage requirements;

operating limits;

protective equipment requirements.

Failure to provide adequate information can convert a product that might otherwise be safe into a legally problematic product.

38. Recall and Consumer Safety

The central objective of the UAE regime is preventive:

Protect consumers before additional harm occurs.

The Ministry expressly describes product recalls as mechanisms designed to protect consumer health and safety and maintain market stability. (Ministry of Education)

Therefore, the recall system is not simply a method for compensating consumers after injury.

It is primarily a risk-prevention mechanism.

39. Relationship Between Recall and Warranty

These concepts should not be confused.

Warranty

Usually concerns:

“Is the supplier required to repair, replace or refund this consumer's product?”

Recall

Concerns:

“Is this product sufficiently defective or dangerous that affected goods must be withdrawn or corrected across the market?”

A single defective product may trigger warranty rights.

A systemic safety defect may trigger a recall.

A recall may simultaneously activate thousands of individual warranty remedies.

40. Relationship Between Recall and Civil Liability

The three concepts can be represented as:

Recall duty

↓

Remove/prevent further harm

Warranty duty

↓

Repair/replace/refund

Civil liability

↓

Compensate legally established damage

One event can trigger all three.

41. Example: Defective Vehicle

Suppose 10,000 vehicles are sold in the UAE.

A manufacturer discovers that a braking component can fail under specific conditions.

Manufacturer's duties

Identify affected VINs.

Notify relevant authorities.

Initiate recall.

Publicise the safety problem.

Contact dealers.

Contact affected consumers.

Repair or replace the component.

Maintain recall records.

Report completion.

The Ministry's current recall procedure specifically contemplates vehicle identification numbers as part of recall documentation. (Ministry of Education)

Separate injury claim

If one consumer was injured before the recall:

Recall + warranty remedy does not necessarily eliminate the consumer's separate claim for legally recoverable injury-related damage.

42. Example: Defective Electrical Appliance

A manufacturer discovers that a batch of heaters can overheat.

Possible legal consequences

regulatory notification;

immediate withdrawal;

consumer warning;

repair/replacement;

refund;

investigation;

expert examination;

compensation claims if fires/injuries occurred.

If the consumer alleges that the heater caused a house fire, causation must be established, not merely the existence of the recall.

43. Example: Food Product

Suppose contaminated food is discovered after distribution.

The manufacturer/supplier must consider:

immediate withdrawal;

authority notification;

consumer warning;

identification of affected batches;

destruction or safe handling;

investigation of contamination;

documentation.

The seriousness of the situation may justify immediate regulatory intervention because consumer health and safety are directly involved.

44. Product Recall and Evidence

Manufacturers should preserve:

manufacturing records;

quality-control results;

testing reports;

batch numbers;

supplier records;

distribution records;

consumer complaints;

technical investigations;

recall communications.

Consumers should preserve:

invoices;

receipts;

warranty documents;

photographs;

videos;

repair records;

correspondence;

recall notices;

medical records where relevant;

expert reports.

Evidence can become decisive when determining whether the product was defective and whether the defect caused the claimed loss.

45. Limitation and Defect Claims

The new Civil Transactions Law has modernised the rules concerning latent defects.

The UAE Government's official explanation states that the new law extends the limitation period for latent-defect claims from six months to one year from delivery, unless a longer guarantee has been agreed. (UAE Legislation)

This is important when analysing defective goods under the current law.

However, the limitation applicable to a particular product-liability or injury claim must be analysed separately because contractual defect claims, statutory consumer claims and civil-liability claims are not necessarily identical causes of action.

46. Key Manufacturer Duties — Revision Table

47. Key Legal Principles

Product safety is a continuing responsibility.

Discovery of a qualifying danger triggers statutory obligations.

Recall is preventive, not merely compensatory.

Manufacturer and supplier are distinct concepts, although the UAE definition of supplier is broad.

Warranty obligations survive independently of the recall process.

Recall does not automatically determine private civil liability.

Causation remains important in damage claims.

Technical product disputes may require expert evidence.

Contractual disclaimers cannot automatically defeat mandatory consumer protections.

Accurate warnings and product information are part of consumer safety.

Imported products can still create substantial UAE obligations for local suppliers and agents.

The new Civil Transactions Law must be considered for current latent-defect issues from 1 June 2026 onward.

A recall should be documented from discovery through completion.

Failure to act promptly can increase regulatory and civil exposure.

48. Short Exam Answer

Product recall liability in the UAE is primarily governed by Federal Law No. 15 of 2020 on Consumer Protection, its amendments and implementing regulations. Article 11 requires the supplier, upon discovering a defect or danger likely to harm consumers, to immediately notify the Ministry or competent authority, communicate potential damages and preventive measures, recall the product and announce the danger according to the implementing regulations. (Ministry of Education)

The UAE product-safety framework also permits or requires withdrawal and recall of products that are unsafe, defective, non-compliant with standards or otherwise dangerous. (LittleDB) The supplier must also honour warranties, provide applicable repair, replacement, refund and after-sales services. (Ministry of Education)

The new Civil Transactions Law, effective 1 June 2026, further regulates latent defects in sales and allows purchasers specified remedies such as rejection or price reduction; it also provides that seller liability for qualifying defects can exist even where the seller was unaware of the defect. (UAE Legislation)

UAE case law concerning defective goods, conformity, causation, evidence and compensation—including Dubai Cassation Appeal No. 239/2009, Dubai Cassation Appeal No. 452/2017, UAE Civil Cassation No. 880/2021, UAE Civil Cassation No. 99/JY16, UAE Civil Cassation No. 79/2020 and UAE Civil Cassation No. 941/2019—helps explain the civil consequences of defective products. Direct reported decisions specifically interpreting the 2020 recall provisions remain comparatively limited.

49. Conclusion

UAE product-recall law creates a preventive safety framework combined with contractual and civil remedies.

The fundamental sequence is:

Detect Defect → Assess Risk → Notify Authority → Recall → Warn Consumers → Repair/Replace/Refund → Document Corrective Action → Address Resulting Damage

A manufacturer should therefore not view recall merely as a public-relations or commercial exercise. It is part of a legally regulated system of consumer safety, product conformity, warranty protection and civil responsibility.

The most important distinction is:

A recall prevents further harm; a warranty corrects the defective product; civil liability addresses legally established damage already suffered.

Under the current UAE framework, these obligations operate alongside the updated 2025 Civil Transactions Law, which has been effective since 1 June 2026, and the Consumer Protection Law and its implementing regulations. (UAE Legislation)