Forensic Science Role In Investigation
1. Introduction: Role of Forensic Science in Investigation
Forensic science involves the application of scientific methods and techniques to investigate crimes, identify criminals, and provide evidence in courts. It bridges the gap between law and science by analyzing physical evidence collected from crime scenes.
Importance in Investigation:
Helps in establishing facts objectively.
Assists in identifying suspects via DNA, fingerprints, etc.
Aids in reconstructing crime scenes.
Corroborates or disproves witness testimonies.
Helps establish modus operandi (MO).
Provides scientific credibility to prosecution or defense.
2. Key Forensic Techniques Used in Criminal Investigation
DNA profiling and analysis
Fingerprint analysis
Ballistics examination
Chemical and toxicological tests
Forensic pathology (autopsy)
Digital forensics (cyber investigation)
Document examination
3. Important Case Laws Highlighting Forensic Science in Investigation
Case 1: State of Punjab v. Balbir Singh (1995) 1 SCC 42
Facts: The accused was convicted based on circumstantial evidence supported by scientific proof.
Role of Forensics: The Court relied on scientific evidence like blood group and injury reports to corroborate the prosecution case.
Judgment: The Supreme Court emphasized the importance of scientific and medical evidence in establishing guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
Significance: Recognized the indispensable role of forensic evidence in criminal trials.
Case 2: Lalita Kumari v. Govt. of U.P., (2013) 4 SCC 1
Facts: Direction to police for registering FIR in cases involving cognizable offences.
Role of Forensics: Though primarily a procedural case, the judgment highlighted the importance of early scientific examination of evidence to preserve facts.
Judgment: Supreme Court insisted on prompt investigation, including scientific examination, to ensure evidence is not lost or contaminated.
Significance: Underlined the necessity of forensic science right from the investigation stage.
Case 3: Ramesh v. State of Tamil Nadu, (2007) 7 SCC 371
Facts: Conviction for murder supported by forensic evidence.
Role of Forensics: Ballistic expert’s report and DNA analysis were key in proving the link between accused and weapon used.
Judgment: Supreme Court upheld conviction based on forensic reports and scientific investigation.
Significance: Strengthened the evidentiary value of forensic reports in criminal cases.
Case 4: K. Anbazhagan v. Superintendent of Police, (2014) 4 SCC 1
Facts: The accused challenged his conviction which heavily relied on DNA evidence.
Role of Forensics: Court examined the reliability of DNA profiling conducted during investigation.
Judgment: Supreme Court acknowledged DNA evidence as a powerful tool, but also stressed strict adherence to scientific protocols.
Significance: Affirmed that forensic evidence must be handled with care to avoid miscarriages of justice.
Case 5: Selvi v. State of Karnataka, (2010) 7 SCC 263
Facts: Case regarding involuntary polygraph and brain-mapping tests during investigation.
Role of Forensics: Court examined the validity of such forensic techniques from the perspective of self-incrimination and privacy.
Judgment: Supreme Court ruled that such tests cannot be conducted without consent as it violates Article 20(3) (protection against self-incrimination).
Significance: Clarified the limits and safeguards in forensic investigation techniques.
Case 6: Narco Analysis, Brain Mapping and Lie Detector Tests - Selvi v. State of Karnataka (2010)
Facts: The legality of narco-analysis and other scientific tests was challenged.
Judgment: Held that involuntary scientific tests violate constitutional rights.
Significance: Emphasized the importance of scientific methods respecting human rights.
Case 7: K.M. Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra AIR 1962 SC 605
Facts: Early use of forensic evidence like ballistics and medical examination.
Role of Forensics: Forensic pathology and bullet analysis were crucial in determining the manner of death.
Judgment: Highlighted the role of forensic science in corroborating testimony.
Significance: One of the pioneering cases underscoring forensic science's investigative value.
4. Conclusion
Forensic science plays a crucial role in modern criminal investigations by providing objective, scientific evidence. Courts in India have consistently emphasized the importance of forensic evidence for securing convictions or acquittals. However, courts also stress strict adherence to protocols and respect for constitutional rights while using forensic techniques.
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