Penology in Vatican City
Penology in Vatican City is a unique subject due to the city-state’s small size, religious nature, and highly centralized legal and political structure. Here's a concise overview:
1. Legal System Overview
Based on Canon Law and Italian Law: Vatican City's legal framework is grounded in Canon Law, the legal code of the Catholic Church. However, since 1929 (with the Lateran Treaty), Vatican City has adopted elements of the Italian legal system, provided they do not conflict with Catholic doctrine.
Governance: The Pope holds supreme executive, legislative, and judicial power. A governorate and a few judicial offices manage day-to-day legal administration.
2. Criminal Justice and Penology
Criminal Codes: Vatican City has its own Penal Code, heavily influenced by Italian law but adapted to reflect Catholic values. It criminalizes offenses like theft, assault, and some moral offenses (e.g. abortion).
Police: The Corps of Gendarmerie serves as the police force.
Judicial System: Includes a tribunal with judges appointed by the Pope. Appeals go to the Court of Cassation (also Vatican-based).
3. Prison System
No Permanent Prisons: Vatican City does not operate a traditional prison system due to its tiny size (about 44 hectares). Instead:
Short-term detentions are handled by the Gendarmerie Corps.
Long-term sentences (for serious crimes) are served in Italian prisons under agreements with Italy.
Costs for imprisonment are paid by the Vatican.
4. Recent Reforms and Focus
Anti-abuse Measures: In recent years, Vatican City has strengthened laws against child abuse, financial crimes, and corruption.
Rehabilitation-Oriented: As part of its spiritual mission, the Vatican emphasizes repentance, forgiveness, and rehabilitation in its penological philosophy.
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