Artificial Intelligence law at Turkey
Turkey is actively developing its legal framework for artificial intelligence (AI) to ensure its safe, ethical, and fair use. The primary legislative initiative in this area is the Artificial Intelligence Bill No. 2/2234, introduced to the Grand National Assembly on June 24, 2024. This bill aligns closely with the European Union’s AI Act, adopting a risk-based approach to regulation.(Montreal AI Ethics Institute, BABL AI)
Key Provisions of the AI Bill
Purpose and Scope: The bill aims to regulate AI technologies, ensuring they are developed and used in a manner that protects personal data and privacy rights. It applies to providers, users, importers, suppliers, distributors, and individuals affected by AI systems.(LawNow)
Fundamental Principles: It establishes core principles for AI systems, including safety, transparency, fairness, accountability, and privacy.(Montreal AI Ethics Institute)
Risk Management and Assessment: The bill mandates risk assessments during the development and use of AI systems. High-risk AI systems must be registered with relevant authorities and undergo conformity assessments.(Montreal AI Ethics Institute)
Compliance and Supervision: Operators are required to comply with the provisions of the bill, and supervisory authorities are empowered to monitor compliance and detect violations.(Turkish Law Blog)
Sanctions: Violations can result in significant fines, including up to 35 million Turkish Liras or 7% of annual turnover for prohibited AI applications.(Turkish Law Blog)
While the bill introduces a comprehensive framework, some critics argue that it lacks specificity in defining high-risk AI systems and the institutions responsible for enforcement. Additionally, the bill does not explicitly address child safety in AI applications. (Montreal AI Ethics Institute)
National AI Strategy and Action Plan
Complementing the legislative efforts, Turkey's National Artificial Intelligence Strategy for 2021–2025 outlines strategic priorities such as training AI experts, supporting research and innovation, expanding access to quality data, and strengthening international collaborations. The 2024–2025 Action Plan further emphasizes the need for a balanced approach to AI development, considering both opportunities and risks. (Inplp, Tevetoglu Legal)
Parliamentary Developments
In addition to the AI Bill, Turkey has established a Parliamentary AI Research Commission tasked with preparing a comprehensive report on AI governance. The commission is expected to conclude its work by mid-May 2025, providing further insights into the country's approach to AI regulation. (Daily Sabah)
Existing Legal Framework
Until the AI Bill is enacted, existing laws such as the Personal Data Protection Law (No. 6698), Consumer Protection Law (No. 6502), and the Criminal Code (No. 5237) may apply to AI-related activities, particularly concerning data privacy, consumer rights, and misinformation. (Home | White & Case LLP)
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